Tag: Irlanda

L’Irlanda vara la nuova legge sulla mediazione

Il 2 ottobre 2017 l’Irlanda ha adottato la nuova legge sulla mediazione (Mediation Act 2017[1]).

Il Ministro della Giustizia e della Eguaglianza può provvedere con la normativa di dettaglio[2] e la data di entrata in vigore parziale o totale della legge dipende comunque dal Guardasigilli [3].

L’obiettivo fondamentale della legge è quello di promuovere la mediazione come un’alternativa valida, efficace ed efficace ai procedimenti giudiziari, riducendo così i costi legali, accelerando la risoluzione delle controversie e riducendo lo stress e l’acrimonia che spesso accompagna le procedure giudiziarie[4].

Già la presentazione mi pare assai rilevante perché rientra nel concetto di giustizia partecipativa che va per la maggiore in questi tempi.

La più rilevanti prescrizioni della legge sono comunque precisate in sintesi dalla Information Note on Mediation Act 2017 a cui rimando il lettore (il contenuto è in nota)[5].

In dettaglio puntualizzo qui gli aspetti che “a caldo” mi paiono più rilevanti.

1) la partecipazione alla mediazione è volontaria in tutti i casi (section 6 subsection 2)[6];

2) il mediatore non può fare proposte a meno che le parti non glielo chiedano congiuntamente; ma anche nel caso di richiesta congiunta spetta alle parti accettare o meno la proposta (section 8 subsection 3 e 4)[7];

3) le spese e le indennità della mediazione non dipendono dall’esito della mediazione (section 6 subsection 10)[8];

4) l’accordo per mediare deve contenere l’elencazione dei diritti per cui le parti possono sempre chiedere assistenza legale (section 7 par. e)[9];

5) le parti possono essere accompagnate/assistite da chiunque (anche da un avvocato) o comunque hanno il diritto di ottenere una consulenza legale indipendente; (section 6 par. b e c)[10];

6) il mediatore può ritirarsi dalla mediazione (e ricominciarla dopo essersi ritirato) comunicando per iscritto alle parti le ragioni generali del ritiro e restituendo parte proporzionale al lavoro svolto di quanto ricevuto (section 6)[11];

7) se l’avvocato non reca in giudizio evidenza scritta di aver informato, come richiede la legge, le parti  sulla mediazione (e anche sul fatto che una mediazione può non essere adatta ad una data controversia) il procedimento viene aggiornato dal Tribunale dando il tempo opportuno all’avvocato per provvedere conformemente (salvo eccezioni di legge) (section 14-15)[12];

8) l’accordo può essere esecutivo o meno a seconda della volontà delle parti (section 11)[13];

9) Il tribunale può invitare alla mediazione su richiesta delle parti o sua sponte in base alla natura della controversia (e può tenere alle parti una sessione informativa); se le parti aderiscono all’invito il tribunale emetterà l’ordine più appropriato per facilitare la mediazione o la sua continuazione (section 16)[14]

10) nel caso di mediazione su invito del giudice il mediatore invia alla Corte un report in cui significa le ragioni per cui la mediazione non si è tenuta o nel caso si sia tenuta se c’è stato o meno accordo (anche parziale); tuttavia le parti ricevono tale report 7 giorni prima che il Tribunale (section 17)[15]

11) Le spese di avvio e la indennità devono essere ragionevoli e proporzionate alla importanza e la complessità delle problematiche in gioco e alla quantità di lavoro svolto dal mediatore (section 20)[16];

12) Nel caso di mediazione su invito del Tribunale è lo stesso che determina spese e costi valutando anche qualsiasi irragionevole 1) rifiuto o mancanza a considerare l’uso la mediazione 2) rifiuto o mancanza relativa alla partecipazione in mediazione (section 21);[17]

13) Il Ministro della Giustizia valuterà se adottare o meno uno schema pubblico di primo incontro per la mediazione familiare (section 23[18]).

[1] http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/JELR/Mediation_Act_2017.pdf/Files/Mediation_Act_2017.pdf

[2] Regulations

  1. (1) The Minister may by regulations provide for any matter referred to in this Act as prescribed or to be prescribed.

[3] Short title and commencement

  1. (1) This Act may be cited as the Mediation Act 2017.

(2) This Act shall come into operation on such day or days as the Minister may by order or orders appoint either generally or with reference to any particular purpose or provision and different days may be so appointed for different purposes or different provisions.

[4] The Mediation Act 2017 was enacted on 2 October, 2017.  The Act contains provisions for a comprehensive statutory framework to promote the resolution of disputes through mediation as an alternative to court proceedings. The underlying objective of the Act is to promote mediation as a viable, effective and efficient alternative to court proceedings, thereby reducing legal costs, speeding up the resolution of disputes and reducing the stress and acrimony which often accompanies court proceedings.  http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/JELR/Pages/Mediation_Act_2017

[5] Main provisions of the Act

The Act:

  • introduces an obligation on solicitors and barristers to advise parties to disputes to consider using mediation as a means of resolving them:
  • provides that a court may, on its own initiative or on the initiative of the parties invite the parties to consider mediation as a means of resolving the dispute;
  • contains general principles for the conduct of mediation by qualified mediators;
  • provides that communications between parties during mediation shall be confidential;
  • provides for the possible future establishment of a Mediation Council to oversee development of the sector;
  • provides for the introduction of codes of practice for the conduct of mediation by qualified mediators

[6] (2) Participation in mediation shall be voluntary at all times.

[7] (3) Subject to subsection (4), the outcome of the mediation shall be determined by the mutual agreement of the parties and the mediator shall not make proposals to the parties to resolve the dispute.

(4) The mediator may, at the request of all the parties, make proposals to resolve the dispute, but it shall be for the parties to determine whether to accept such proposals.

[8] (10) The fees and costs of the mediation shall not be contingent on its outcome.

[9] (e) the right of each of the parties to seek legal advice;

[10] (b) be accompanied to the mediation, and assisted by, a person (including a legal

advisor) who is not a party, or

(c) obtain independent legal advice at any time during the mediation

[11] (6) Subject to subsections (7) and (8) and subject to the confidentiality of the mediation, the mediator may withdraw from the mediation at any time during the mediation by notice in writing given to the parties stating the mediator’s general reasons for the withdrawal.

(7) A withdrawal under subsection (6) by the mediator from the mediation shall not of itself prevent the mediator from again becoming the mediator in that mediation.

(8) Where the mediator withdraws from the mediation under subsection (6), the mediator shall return the fees and costs paid in respect of that portion of time during which the mediator was paid to act as the mediator and for which he or she will no longer act as the mediator.

[12] Practising solicitor and mediation

  1. (1) A practising solicitor shall, prior to issuing proceedings on behalf of a client—

(a) advise the client to consider mediation as a means of attempting to resolve the dispute the subject of the proposed proceedings,

(b) provide the client with information in respect of mediation services, including the names and addresses of persons who provide mediation services,

(c) provide the client with information about—

(i) the advantages of resolving the dispute otherwise than by way of the proposed proceedings, and

(ii) the benefits of mediation,

(d) advise the client that mediation is voluntary and may not be an appropriate means of resolving the dispute where the safety of the client and/or their children is at risk, and

(e) inform the client of the matters referred to in subsections (2) and (3) and sections 10 and 11.

(2) If a practising solicitor is acting on behalf of a client who intends to institute proceedings, the originating document by which proceedings are instituted shall be accompanied by a statutory declaration made by the solicitor evidencing (if such be

the case) that the solicitor has performed the obligations imposed on him or her under subsection (1) in relation to the client and the proceedings to which the declaration relates.

(3) If the originating document referred to in subsection (2) is not accompanied by a statutory declaration made in accordance with that subsection, the court concerned shall adjourn the proceedings for such period as it considers reasonable in the circumstances to enable the practising solicitor concerned to comply with subsection

(1) and provide the court with such declaration or, if the solicitor has already complied with subsection (1), provide the court with such declaration.

(4) This section shall not apply to any proceedings, including any application, under—

(a) section 6A, 11 or 11B of the Guardianship of Infants Act 1964,

(b) section 2 of the Judicial Separation and Family Law Reform Act 1989, or

(c) section 5 of the Family Law (Divorce) Act 1996.

Practising barrister and mediation

  1. (1) Subsection (2) applies where, under another enactment or instrument made under another enactment, it is lawful for a practising barrister to issue proceedings on behalf of a client who is not represented by a practising solicitor.

(2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), obligations analogous to those imposed under section 14 on a practising solicitor in relation to a client of the solicitor may be prescribed, subject to such modifications as may be specified in the regulations concerned, to be performed by a practising barrister in relation to a client of the barrister.

(3) In prescribing, under subsection (2), obligations referred to in that subsection to be performed by a practising barrister in relation to a client of the barrister, the Minister shall have regard to any report under section 34(1) of the Legal Services Regulation Act 2015 to the extent that the report relates to the unification of the solicitors’

profession and the barristers’ profession.

(4) The Minister shall not prescribe, under subsection (2), obligations referred to in that subsection to be performed by a practising barrister in relation to a client of the barrister except after consultation with the Law Society of Ireland and the General Council of the Bar of Ireland.

[13] 11. (1) The parties shall determine—

(a) if and when a mediation settlement has been reached between them, and (b) whether the mediation settlement is to be enforceable between them.

[14] 16. (1) A court may, on the application of a party involved in proceedings, or of its own motion where it considers it appropriate having regard to all the circumstances of the case:

(a) invite the parties to the proceedings to consider mediation as a means of attempting to resolve the dispute the subject of the proceedings;

(b) provide the parties to the proceedings with information about the benefits of mediation to settle the dispute the subject of the proceedings.

(2) Where, following an invitation by the court under subsection (1), the parties decide to engage in mediation, the court may—

(a) adjourn the proceedings,

(b) make an order extending the time for compliance by a party with rules of court or with any order of the court in the proceedings, or

(c) make such other order or give such direction as the court considers necessary to facilitate the effective use of mediation.

[15] Mediator report to court

  1. (1) Where, following an invitation by the court under section 16(1), the parties to the proceedings concerned engage in mediation and subsequently apply to the court to reenter the proceedings, the mediator shall prepare and submit to the court a written report which shall set out—

(a) where the mediation did not take place, a statement of the reasons as to why it did not take place, or

(b) where the mediation took place—

(i) a statement as to whether or not a mediation settlement has been reached between the parties in respect of the dispute the subject of the proceedings,

and

(ii) if a mediation settlement has been reached on all, or some only of the, matters concerning that dispute, a statement of the terms of the mediation settlement.

(2) Except where otherwise agreed or directed by the court, a copy of a report prepared under subsection (1) shall be given to the parties at least 7 days prior to its submission to the court.

[16] Fees and costs

  1. (1) Unless ordered by a court or otherwise agreed between the parties, the parties shall—

(a) pay to the mediator the fees and costs agreed in the agreement to mediate, or

(b) share equally the fees and costs of the mediation.

(2) The fees and costs of a mediation shall be reasonable and proportionate to the importance and complexity of the issues at stake and to the amount of work carried out by the mediator.

[17] Factors to be considered by court in awarding costs

  1. In awarding costs in respect of proceedings referred to in section 16, a court may, where it considers it just, have regard to—

(a) any unreasonable refusal or failure by a party to the proceedings to consider using mediation, and

(b) any unreasonable refusal or failure by a party to the proceedings to attend mediation, following an invitation to do so under section 16(1)

[18] Mediation information sessions in family law and succession proceedings

  1. (1) The Minister may, for the purposes of ensuring that information sessions concerning mediation are available (in this Act referred to as a “mediation information session”), at a reasonable cost and in suitable locations, to parties to relevant proceedings and having had regard to the matters specified in subsection (2)—

(a) prepare and publish a scheme for the delivery of such sessions, or

(b) approve a scheme for the delivery of such sessions prepared by a person other

than the Minister.

(2) A scheme referred to in subsection (1) may include provisions in relation to any of the

following:

(a) the nature and operation of mediation in respect of a relevant dispute;

(b) the role of the mediator in a mediation in respect of a relevant dispute;

(c) the types of mediation settlements available in a mediation in respect of a relevant dispute;

(d) the benefits of mediation over court-based resolutions in respect of a relevant dispute;

(e) the costs of mediation;

(f) a statement that legal advice may be sought by the parties at any time during the mediation.

Per il 2016 l’Irlanda annuncia la riforma della mediazione

Entro la fine dell’anno l’Irlanda riformerà il settore della mediazione.

I contenuti dell’intervento che peraltro nel primo progetto (cfr. http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/MedBillGSFinal.pdf/Files/MedBillGSFinal.pdf) risalgono al 2012 sono stati presentati da un rappresentante del Governo ai senatori irlandesi il 4 febbraio 2015.

Si introducono nuovi obblighi a carico del solicitor e del barrister.

Essi dovranno invitare il loro cliente a considerare l’utilizzo della mediazione quale strumento alternativo per risolvere il conflitto; fornire tutte le informazioni concernenti i servizi di mediazione compresi i nomi e gli indirizzi delle persone o delle organizzazioni qualificate per fornire tali servizi; procurare una stima delle spese legali che si possono presentare in caso di procedimento giudiziario, con una valutazione dei costi nel caso in cui il cliente non dovesse risultare vincitore. Di tale informazione dovrà darsi prova al giudice attraverso apposita documentazione.

Si sanciscono nuovi obblighi per il mediatore tra cui quello di spiegare alle parti la funzione della mediazione che resta volontaria, la sua conclusione (e come si raggiunge l’efficacia esecutiva attraverso l’intervento del tribunale o le modalità decise dalle parti stesse) e il principio di autodeterminazione delle parti.

Il mediatore dovrà inoltre indicare alle parti la sua formazione ed esperienza, la sua specializzazione (se richiesta dalle parti per una data materia) e dare ragguagli sulla formazione continua.

Il Tribunale potrà proporre la mediazione d’ufficio o su istanza delle parti e potrà sanzionare l’irragionevole rifiuto se ritiene sussistenti ragionevoli probabilità di successo.

Viene scartata l’ipotesi di creare una entità regolatoria statale perché i mediatori sono per lo più professionisti già soggetti ai loro rispettivi ordini e quindi ciò potrebbe costituire un aggravio di obblighi e oneri normativi. Si pensa però ad una entità formata da soli mediatori ed autofinanziata che dovrebbe apprestare gli standard di mediazione, pubblicizzare l’istituto, manutenere un registro statale, informare circa la sessione informativa di mediazione familiare che diverrà obbligatoria per legge[1].

Trascrivo qui di seguito ovviamente in lingua originale il discorso integrale pronunciato in Senato per conto del Ministro della Giustizia.

Seanad Eireann – Private Members’ Motion – Mediation Bill

Check Against Delivery

4 February, 2015

Speech by Minister of State Aodhán Ó Ríordáin TD on behalf of the Minister for Justice and Equality, Frances Fitzgerald TD

Cathaoirleach,

Unfortunately, the Minister for Justice and Equality, Frances Fitzgerald, TD, is unable to be here this evening due to another commitment. I am pleased therefore to have this opportunity to address on her behalf the important subject of mediation.

At the outset, I want to thank the Senators for providing me with the opportunity to address this important issue. As Senators are aware, the Programme for Government for National Recovery 2011 – 2016 contains the following commitment

“We will encourage and facilitate use of mediation to resolve commercial, civil and family disputes in order to speed up resolution of disputes, reduce legal costs and ameliorate the stress of contested court proceedings.”

The general position is that the Minister for Justice and Equality obtained Government approval for publication of the General Scheme of the proposed Mediation Bill in March 2012. The contents of the General Scheme of the Bill were subsequently considered by the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Justice, Equality and Defence. That Committee’s subsequent Report identified a number of specific issues meriting further examination in the context of the drafting of the Bill.

The current position is that the Bill is being drafted in the Office of the Parliamentary Counsel. Senators will appreciate the fact that the Government has a very demanding schedule of urgent Bills which are currently being drafted in the OPC. For that reason, it is not possible to give a specific date for publication of the Bill at this stage. However, the Minister has asked me to say that she intends to proceed quickly with enactment of the legislation following publication later this year.

During this short intervention, I want to focus on certain key provisions of the Bill.

One of the main aspects of the Bill is the introduction of a key provision which provides for the introduction of an obligation on solicitors to advise their clients to consider utilising mediation as an alternative to court proceedings for the resolution of disputes.

Under the section, it is proposed that a solicitor must:

· advise his or her client to consider using mediation as an alternative means of resolving the dispute;

· provide the client with information concerning mediation services, including the names and addresses of persons or organisations qualified to provide such services;

· provide an estimate of the legal costs likely to arise in the event of court proceedings, together with an estimate of legal costs if the client is unsuccessful in those proceedings.

This provision further requires that any person commencing civil proceedings must provide the court with a written statement confirming that his or her solicitor advised on the possible use of mediation as an alternative to the court proceedings for settling the dispute. I should add that the Bill places a similar obligation on a barrister with regard to the provision of information on mediation.

The Bill further provides that mediation may be embarked upon by parties on their own initiative at any stage prior to, or after the commencement of, court proceedings. The section also contains a provision which is designed to reinforce the fundamental principle that the outcome of a mediation process shall be determined by the parties themselves. It also underlines the principle that participation in mediation is voluntary, and any party involved in a mediation process may withdraw from it at any time and without explanation.

The Bill also contains important provisions concerning the role of the mediator. It

· requires a mediator to prepare a written agreement on the terms of the mediation process;

· places an obligation on the mediator to establish whether he or she has, or may have, any existing or potential conflicts of interest in the case;

· sets out the information which must be given by the mediator to the parties before the commencement of the process. This includes information concerning the voluntary nature of the process, the manner in which a mediation process can be concluded and confirmation that the outcome of the process will be determined by the parties themselves.

The Minister believes that parties to mediation should be informed as far as possible in making decisions regarding a choice of mediator. For that reason, the Bill contains a requirement that a mediator must, before the commencement of the mediation process, provide details of his or her training and experience in mediation to all parties. This is in line with the practice already set out in various voluntary codes of practice for mediators. A mediator must also, if requested, provide a party with information regarding any specialist training they might have which would be relevant to the matter at hand as well as details of any continuing professional development activities which they have undertaken.

Confidentiality is a basic and fundamental aspect of any mediation process. Therefore, the Bill will provide that confidentiality should generally apply to communications made during mediation processes. However, in certain circumstances, the interests of justice would not be served by confidentiality and the Bill therefore provides that it will not apply:

· where disclosure of a mediation communication is necessary to implement any agreement arising from the mediation;

· where disclosure is necessary to prevent physical or psychological injury to a party;

· where disclosure is required by law;

· where a mediation communication is used to commit or conceal a crime, or to threaten a party to the mediation process;

· where the communication is needed to prove or disprove a civil claim relating to alleged negligence or misconduct of a mediator during the mediation.

The Bill also makes provision that the parties alone have the power to determine whether an agreement has been reached and the manner in which is becomes enforceable. The section further provides that a court may, on the application of the parties to any written agreement reached at mediation, enforce the agreement.

In addition, the Bill provides that a court may – either on the application of any party involved in proceedings or of its own motion – where it considers it appropriate having regard to the circumstances of the case invite the parties to consider using mediation as an alternative to the proceedings.

Finally, with regard to the content of the Bill, it provides that where a court has invited parties to consider using mediation, it may, in awarding costs in the proceedings, have regard to any unreasonable refusal by a party to consider using mediation where such a process had, in the court’s opinion, a reasonable prospect of success.

Following publication of the General Scheme, the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Justice, Equality and Defence held two days of oral hearings and subsequently published, in June 2012, a Report on the General Scheme of the Bill. While the Committee’s Report did not make recommendations, it presented some observations on particular issues which arose from the submissions received by the Committee and during the oral hearings. A key issue identified by the Committee was the possible establishment of a regulatory structure for the mediation sector.

The Minister has asked me to inform the House that, following receipt of the Report of the Joint Oireachtas Committee, her Department held consultations with several mediation bodies and individual mediators on the issues identified in the report, in particular the possible establishment of a regulatory structure.

The position regarding establishment of such a regulatory structure is that the Minister is conscious that very many qualified mediators are drawn from professions which are already subject to strict regulatory oversight. They include members of the legal professions, and professionals from fields as diverse as accountancy, engineering and social work.

Any new regulatory structures for mediators must, therefore, take due account of the existence of these existing regulatory regimes and ensure that any further regulatory burdens and compliance costs are both necessary and proportionate. One possible way forward would be to give statutory recognition to a representative body, or council, established by the mediation sector itself. Such a body could be entrusted with functions such as:

· promoting public awareness of, and providing information to the public about the availability and operation of mediation services across the State;

· maintaining and developing standards for the provision of mediation services;

· drawing up and overseeing the operation and application of codes of practice for mediators;

· establishing and maintaining a register of mediators who have signed up to approved codes of practice;

· developing and approving continuing professional development activities for mediators;

· advising on the establishment and operation of mediation information sessions in family law cases.

The discussions which have taken place with mediation bodies have focussed on the establishment of such a structure. The intention is that it would be self-financing and would consist of representatives drawn from across the mediation sector.

The Minister has asked me to refer to another important provision which will be included in the forthcoming Bill. The Government believes that mediation has a particularly important role to play as an alternative to adversarial family law proceedings. Mediation can provide a less stressful and adversarial process for the resolution of cases of family breakdown and the related issues of custody and access to children.

The Bill will, therefore, contain a provision which will require parties embarking on such proceedings to attend mediation information sessions. Such a requirement is in line with the recommendations of the Law Reform Commission in their Report on Mediation and Conciliation. Discussions have taken place with the Legal Aid Board on this issue and the Board has indicated that it would be willing to assist in the provision of mandatory information sessions in family law cases involving children.

Before concluding, I should also point out that there is an increasing international trend towards the use of mediation as a tool for the resolution of civil disputes. For example, a Mediation Directive has been adopted at European Union level and has been given effect throughout the EU since 2011. The Directive has been given effect here in the European Communities (Mediation) Regulations 2011.

Finally, I want to thank the Senators for tabling this motion and for providing the House with the opportunity to discuss this important subject.

[1] http://www.inis.gov.ie/en/JELR/Pages/SP15000032

Strumenti di composizione dei conflitti nella Repubblica d’Irlanda

La relazione sugli strumenti alternativi della Law Reform Commission d’Irlanda[1] ha recentemente rilevato che la mediazione e la conciliazione sono sempre più utilizzate nel paese specie nel campo dei piccoli reclami dei consumatori, nelle controversie di lavoro, nel trattamento delle disgregazioni della famiglia, nelle rivendicazioni sanitarie e nelle controversie sulla proprietà.

L’Irlanda possiede effettivamente una rete vastissima di operatori e strumenti ADR specie in riferimento alla tutela dei consumatori: complessivamente si può dire che la cultura degli strumenti alternativi è in questo paese assai radicata.

Molto utilizzato è dal 1990 il Pensions Ombudsman[2] che raccoglie le denunce contro i responsabili[3] della gestione o l’amministrazione dei regimi pensionistici professionali (ovvero quelli stabiliti dal datore di lavoro). La competenza di questo Ombudsman comprende i conti personali di accantonamento ed i Fondi Pensione (ARFs )[4].

Viene poi in campo il Financial Service Ombudsman[5] che dal 1992 ha come missione quella di risolvere in modo indipendente e imparziale, le questioni irrisolte tra i denuncianti e i fornitori di servizi finanziari, con l’intento di rafforzare in tal modo l’ambiente di servizi finanziari per tutti i settori.

Continua a leggere… Strumenti di composizione dei conflitti in Irlanda

[1]             Law reform Commission, Report on Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mediation and Conciliation, 16 novembre 2010, in http://www.lawreform.ie.

[2]             Cfr.  http://www.pensionsombudsman.ie. Il  Pension Ombudsman è stato istituito ai sensi della Parte XI della Pensions Act 1990 emendato nel 2002. Va poi considerato Regolamento Pensioni del 2003, ( SI n. 397 del 2003). Ai sensi infine dell’articolo 21 del Social Welfare of Pensions (n. 2) Act 2009, si è concesso allo stesso Ombudsman il diritto  di chiedere al tribunale l’esecutorietà delle proprie decisioni..

[3]             Amministratori, manager, imprenditori.

[4]             Sono particolari fondi pensione riconosciuti ed utilizzati in Irlanda. Cfr. http://www.iapf.ie/.

[5]             La sua base normativa risiede nel Central bank and financial services authority of ireland act 2004  e nel regolamento ministeriale SI n. 191 del 2005 intitolato Central Bank Act 1942 (Financial Services Ombudsman) e nella Section 13 Amendments to Central Bank Act 1942- Section 16 of the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland Act 2004.

In realtà il Finacial Ombudsman nasce dalle ceneri dell’Insurance Ombudsman of Ireland che è stato fondato nel 1992. Cfr. Università di Loviano, Irlanda, National reports – 15 November 2006, in http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/redress_cons/adr_en.htm#coop.